Pakistan Legends

Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah Complete Bio Graphy.

Father of the Nation
Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muhammad Ali Jinnah  About this sound Audio (help·info); December 25, 1876 – September 11, 1948) was a Muslim lawyer, politician, statesman and the founder of Pakistan. He is popularly and officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam Great Leader and Baba-e-Qaum ("Father of the Nation").

Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on August 14, 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from August 15, 1947 until his death on September 11, 1948. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress initially expounding ideas of Hindu-Muslim unity and helping shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress; he also became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League. He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing India.

Jinnah later advocated the two-nation theory embracing the goal of creating a separate Muslim state
as per the Lahore Resolution. The League won most reserved Muslim seats in the elections of 1946.
After the British and Congress backed out of the Cabinet Mission Plan Jinnah called for a Direct
Action Day to achieve the formation of Pakistan. This direct action by the Muslim League and its
Volunteer Corps resulted in massive rioting in Calcutta between Muslims and Hindus.[ As the Indian
National Congress and Muslim League failed to reach a power sharing formula for united India, it
prompted both the parties and the British to agree to the independence of Pakistan and India. As the
first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah led efforts to lay the foundations of the new state of Pakistan, frame national policies and rehabilitate millions of Muslim refugees who had migrated from India. Jinnah
also assumed the role and title of 'Protector General of the Hindu Minority' during Hindu-Muslim riots
after 1947. Jinnah died aged 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the British Empire. After his death, Jinnah left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan, and according to Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah remained Pakistan's greatest leader since the establishment of Pakistan in 1947.

Early life
Jinnah was born in Wazir Mansion Karachi. Sindh had earlier been conquered by the British and was subsequently grouped with other conquered territories for administrative reasons to form the Bombay Presidency of British India. His earliest school records state that he was born on October 20, 1875. However, Jinnah's first biography, authored by Sarojini Naidu, as well as his official passport state the
date of birth as December 25, 1876.

Jinnah was the first child born to Mithibai and Jinnahbhai Poonja. His father, Jinnahbhai (1857–1902),
was a prosperous Gujarati merchant who hailed from the state of Gondal situated in the Kathiawar
region province of Gujarat (present day India). He had moved to Karachi from Kathiawar, because
of his business partnership with Grams Trading Company whose regional office was set up in Karachi,
 then a part of the Bombay presidency. He moved to Karachi some times before Jinnah's birth.
[18][15][19] His grandfather, Poonja Gokuldas Meghji,was a Hindu Bhatia Rajput from Paneli village
 in Gondal state in Kathiawar. Jinnah's ancestors were Hindu Rajputs; his grandfather had converted to Islam.Jinnah's family belonged to the Ismaili Khoja branch of Shi'a Islam, though Jinnah later converted
 to Twelver Khoja Shi'a Islam.

The first-born Jinnah was soon joined by six siblings; three brothers - Ahmad Ali, Bunde Ali, and Rahmat
 Ali - and three sisters - Maryam, Fatima and Shireen. Their mother language was Gujarati; in time they
 also came to speak Kutchi, Sindhi and English. The proper Muslim names of Mr. Jinnah and his siblings, unlike those of his father and grandfather, are the consequence of the family's immigration to the predominantly Muslim state of Sindh.

Jinnah was a restless student and studied at several schools: first at the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam in
Karachi; then briefly at the Gokal Das Tej Primary School in Bombay; and finally at the Christian
Missionary Society High School in Karachi,where, at the age of sixteen, he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay.

Years in England
Jinnah was offered an apprenticeship at the London office of Graham's Shipping and Trading Company,
a business that had extensive dealings with Jinnahbhai Poonja's firm in Karachi.[14] Before he left for England in 1892, at his mother's urging, he married his distant cousin – Emibai Jinnah, who was two years
 his junior; she died a few months later. During his sojourn in England, his mother too would pass away. In London, Jinnah soon left the apprenticeship to study law instead, by joining Lincoln's Inn. It is said that the sole reason of Jinnah's joining Lincoln's Inn is that the welcome board of the Lincoln's Inn had the names of the world's all-time top-ten magistrates, and that this list was led by the name of Muhammad.[19] In three years, at age 19, he became the youngest Indian to be called to the bar in England.

During his student years in England, Jinnah came under the spell of 19th-century British liberalism, like
many other future Indian independence leaders. This education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation and progressive politics. He admired William Gladstone and John Morley, British
Liberal statesmen. An admirer of the Indian political leaders Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta,[23] he worked with other Indian students on the former's successful campaign to become the
first Indian to hold a seat in the British Parliament.

By now, Jinnah had developed largely constitutionalist views on Indian self-government, and he
condemned both the arrogance of British officials in India and the discrimination practiced by them
against Indians. This idea of a nation legitimized by democratic principles and cultural commonalities
was antithetical to the genuine diversity that had generally characterized the subcontinent. As an
Indian intellectual and political authority, Jinnah would find his commitment to the Western ideal
of the nation-state developed during his English education– and the reality of heterogeneous Indian
society to be difficult to reconcile during his later political career.

Western influences on personal life

The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life. England had greatly influenced his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah donned Western style clothing and he pursued the fashion with fervor. It is said he owned over 200 hand-tailored suits which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars. It is also alleged that he never wore the same silk tie twice.Although in his later years he was most commonly seen wearing Sherwani and Karakul hat which subsequently came to be known as "Jinnah Cap".

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